SE-FRA S.R.L.

We apply the Altman Z″, a bankruptcy-prediction score published by Edward Altman for private, non-manufacturing companies. It combines four ratios — each captures a different aspect of financial health — and weights them:

Z″ = 6.56·X1 + 3.26·X2 + 6.72·X3 + 1.05·X4

• X1 — Working Capital / Total Assets · short-term liquidity.
• X2 — Retained Earnings / Total Assets · cumulative profitability.
• X3 — EBIT / Total Assets · operating efficiency.
• X4 — Equity / Total Liabilities · solvency buffer.

Thresholds (Altman, 2000): Distress < 1.1, Grey 1.1–2.6, Safe > 2.6.

The 0–100 score is a linear mapping of clamped Z″ in the [0, 5] range — a visual shorthand, not an additional metric. Hover any year on the chart to see the per-year breakdown.

Caveats: Romanian bilanț doesn't split liabilities into short/long-term, so we approximate current liabilities as 0.7·I7 (SME heuristic). EBIT is approximated with I16 (gross profit), since interest is bundled into I15.